The use of spent pulping liquors as binders for chromite pellets

Date
2023-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Chromite fines have to be agglomerated before being smelted in submerged arc furnaces to prevent disruptions and damage to equipment and personnel. Bentonite is the most commonly used binder in the ferrochrome industry; however, fluctuations in its availability has sparked interest in alternative binders. Spent pulping liquors are under-utilised resources that are predominantly combusted for energy or cooking chemicals recovery. In South Africa, a significant focus has been placed on finding higher-value applications for spent pulping liquors. This study investigated the use of four pulping liquors: sodium lignosulphonate (NaLS), magnesium lignosulphonate (MgLS), Kraft liquor (KL) and soda liquor (SL), as binders for the agglomeration of chromite pellets for the Outokumpu and Premus processes. The pulping liquors and bentonite were tested in binder mass percentages between 0.5 % and 6.5 %. The materials were pressed into 12 mm diameter pellets using a pressure of 11.3 MPa. Green compressive strength, green impact strength, indurated compressive strength and abrasion resistance strength tests were conducted on the pellets. The green impact strengths of the pellets were found to increase with an increase in binder mass percentage. All four pulping liquors outperformed the bentonite in this test. For the indurated compressive strength test, Outokumpu pellets were oxidatively sintered at a temperature of 1 200 °C while Premus pellets were indurated in an inert atmosphere at 700 °C. For the Outokumpu pellets, all the pulping liquors produced pellets with similar or higher strengths than the control pellets made with 0.8 % bentonite. NaLS and KL had the highest strengths. None of the binders produced sintered pellets that lost strength when exposed to water. This indicates that sintered pellets produced with pulping liquors can be stored outside and exposed to rain without negatively affecting their strength. For the Premus pellets, all of the pulping liquors outperformed bentonite but had similar performances to each other. Linear regression analyses showed that there is a statistically significant correlation between the indurated compressive strengths and abrasion resistance strengths of the pellets. This indicates that indurated compressive strength is a sufficient proxy for abrasion resistance strength. Overall, the majority of the pellets did not meet the industry targets for the strength tests. This is likely due to differences in the size, shape and density of the pellets produced in this study compared to industrial pellets. Both the inorganic and organic components of the pulping liquors were found to contribute towards the green and indurated strength of the pellets, indicating that both components are required to produce pellets with sufficiently high strengths. Despite greatly increasing the green impact strengths of pellets produced with NaLS, the addition of lime was found to be unsuitable since it greatly decreased the sintered compressive strengths of pellets produced with NaLS and KL. Overall, the pelletisation of the pulping liquors with the chromite and reductant fines in this study was found to be technically feasible. Further investigation into their implementation in industrial processes is thus recommended, with the application of NaLS and KL to the Outokumpu process being the most promising.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Chromietfynstof moet opeengehoop word voor smelting in ondergedompelde boogoonde om ontwrigtings en skade aan toerusting en personeel te verhoed. Bentoniet is die wydste gebruikte verbinder in die ferrochroomindustrie; fluktuasies in sy beskikbaarheid het egter belang geprikkel in alternatiewe verbinders. Gebruikte pulploë is ondergebruikte hulpbronne wat hoofsaaklik verbrand word vir energie of kookchemikalieë herwinning. In Suid-Afrika is ’n beduidende fokus daarop geplaas om hoër waarde toepassings vir gebruikte pulploë te vind. Hierdie studie het die gebruik van vier pulploë ondersoek: sodiumlignosulfonaat (NaLS), Kraft-loog (KL) en sodaloog (SL), as verbinders vir die opeenhoping van chromietkorrels vir die Outokumpu- en Premus-prosesse. Die pulploë en bentoniet is getoets in verbinder massa persentasies tussen 0.5% en 6.5%. Die materiale is in 12 mm-deursnit korrels gedruk deur ’n druk van 11.3 MPa te gebruik. Groen druksterkte-, groen impaksterkte-, verharde druksterkte- en skuurweerstandsterktetoetse is uitgevoer op die korrels. Die groen druksterkte van die korrels is gevind om te verhoog met ’n verhoging in verbindermassapersentasie. Al vier pulploë het beter gedoen as die bentoniet in hierdie toets. Vir die verharde druksterktetoets, het Outokumpu-korrels oksidatief gesinter by ’n temperatuur van 1200 °C terwyl Premus-korrels verhard is in ’n inerte atmosfeer by 700 °C. Vir die Outokumpu-korrels het al die pulploë korrels geproduseer met soortgelyke of hoër sterktes as die beheerkorrels wat gemaak is met 0.8% bentoniet. NaLS en KL het die hoogste sterktes. Geen van die verbinders het gesinterde korrels geproduseer wat sterkte verloor het as dit aan water blootgestel word nie. Hierdie dui aan dat gesinterde korrels wat geproduseer is met pulploë buite gestoor kan word en blootgestel kan word aan reën sonder dat hul sterkte negatief beïnvloed word. Vir die Premus-korrels, het al die pulploë beter gedoen as die bentoniet, maar soortgelyke doeltreffendhede gehad as mekaar. Liniêre regressie-analise het getoon dat daar ’n statistiese beduidende korrelasie tussen die verharde druksterkte is en die skuurweerstandsterkte van die korrels. Hierdie dui aan dat verharde drukkrag ’n genoegsame instaanmate vir skuurweerstandsterkte is. Algeheel, het die meerderheid van die korrels nie die industriedoelwitte vir sterktetoetse bereik nie. Dit is tien teen een as gevolg van die verskil in die grootte, vorm en digtheid van die korrels geproduseer in hierdie studie in vergelyking met industriële korrels. Beide die anorganiese en organiese komponente van die pulploë is gevind om tot die groen en verharde sterkte van die korrels by te dra, wat aandui dat beide komponente vereis word om korrels te produseer met genoegsame hoë sterktes. Ten spyte van die feit dat groen korrels se impaksterkte geproduseer met NaLS grotendeels verbeter is, is die byvoeging van kalk gevind om onvanpas te wees aangesien dit die gesinterde druksterkte van korrels geproduseer met NaLS en KL, grootliks verminder het. Algeheel, die verkorreling van die pulploë met die chromiet en reduserende fynstof in hierdie studie is gevind om tegnies uitvoerbaar te wees. Verdere ondersoek in hul implementasie in industriële prosesse word dus aangeraai, met die toepassing van NaLS en KL tot die Outokumpu-proses wat die mees belowende is.
Description
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2023
Keywords
Chromite, Pelletisation, Pulping liquors, Strength tests
Citation